The stage of cell division in which paired homologous chromosomes get shortened and thickened is prophase I of meiosis. During this stage, the chromosomes condense and become visible as distinct structures, allowing for the homologous chromosomes to pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over. The shortening and thickening of the chromosomes during prophase I is important for proper alignment and separation of the homologous chromosomes during subsequent...

Dextrorotatory and dextrorotation are terms used in chemistry to describe the direction in which a substance rotates plane-polarized light. When a substance is said to be dextrorotatory, it means that it rotates plane-polarized light to the right or clockwise direction, whereas when it is levorotatory, it rotates plane-polarized light to the left or counterclockwise direction.

The terms "dextrorotatory" and "levorotatory" come from the Latin words "dexter" meaning "right" and "lævus" meaning...