Any vector directed in two dimensions can be thought of as having two different components. The component of a single vector describes the influence of that vector in a given direction.

At the bottom-is the correct one.

If a vector A is multiplied by a real number (say n), the vector of same nature is obtained but its magnitude is n times that of A.

According to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, it is impossible to determine the exact spin of an electron at any given moment. The Uncertainty Principle states that the more precisely we know the position of a particle, the less precisely we can know its momentum, and vice versa. Spin is a form of intrinsic angular momentum, which means it does not correspond to any specific position in space, and therefore cannot be measured precisely at the same time as its position.

However, while we...